ANALGESIC AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY STUDIES ON METHANOL ROOT EXTRACT OF ANDROPOGON GAYANUS KUNTH (POACEAE) IN MICE AND RATS
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ABSTRACT
The plant Andropogon gayanus is employed in herbal medicine for the treatment of various disease conditions. The dried root of the plant is soaked in milk and taken for the treatment of postpartum pain and bronchitis in North-west Nigeria. In this study the methanol root extract of the plant was screened for phytochemical constituents followed by acute toxicity studies in mice and rats. Analgesic activity was evaluated using acetic acid-induced writhing test in mice, hot plate test in mice and formalin-induced pain test in rats whereas anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using Carrageenan-induced paw oedema model in rats. Acetic acid induced writhing test in mice is employed in the screening of the involvement of opioid receptors, ATP dependent potassium ion (K+ ATP) channels and α2-adrenergic receptors in the mechanism of analgesia. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of glycosides, saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids and tannins amongst others. Toxicity studies in both rats and mice revealed oral LD50 value of > 5000 mg/kg and intraperitoneal LD50 value of 1265 mg/kg. The extract at doses of 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg (p.o) produced a significant (p < 0.05) inhibition of writhing induced by acetic acid. In the hot plate test the extract at all doses increased the reaction time at different intervals; the difference when compared to the negative control group and to the value at time zero was statistically significant (p< 0.05). In formalininduced pain test, the extract exhibited significant (p< 0.05) analgesic and antiinflammatory activities in first and second phases of the formalin test respectively. The extract significantly (p< 0.05) reduced oedema induced by carrageenan in rats. Naloxone, a non specific opioid antagonist significantly (p< 0.05 and p< 0.01) blocked the analgesic effect observed with administration of acetic acid in the methanol extract and morphine treated mice respectively. However, glibenclamide (K+ ATP channel vii blocker) did not inhibit the analgesic effect of the extract, neither did the α2 receptor blocker, yohimbine. This study suggests that the root of Andropogon gayanus contains bioactive constituents that possess analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects, the former supposedly being mediated through the action of opioid receptors.
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